The development of a framework to support bereaved children and young people: the Irish Childhood Bereavement Care Pyramid

Authors

  • Anne Marie Jones
  • Celine Deane
  • Orla Keegan

Keywords:

children, bereavement, policy, service, competence, need

Abstract

Abstract

Children's bereavement poses a challenge not only for children themselves but for the families, communities, volunteers and professionals who support them. The Irish Childhood Bereavement Network set out to develop a framework to provide a comprehensive guide for children's bereavement support. The model is based on contemporary literature, existing policy and the views of professions, volunteers and parents. The process resulted in the ‘Irish Childhood Bereavement Care Pyramid’. The major pillars of children's needs, support/service responses and staff competencies are described at four levels, basic up to complex. The aim of the Pyramid is to guide adults to ensure that children are provided with the information and reassurance they need around a bereavement, to promote early intervention as appropriate and to recognise those few children who need specialist support to learn to live with their bereavement. Family context and the child's changing developmental status are emphasised as core considerations.

References

Akerman R, Statham J (2014). Bereavement in childhood: the impact on psychological and educational outcomes and the effectiveness of support services. London: Childhood Wellbeing Research Centre.

Becker R (2007). The use of competencies in palliative care education. In: L Foyle and J Hosted (eds). Innovations in cancer and palliative care education. Oxford: Radcliffe Publishing.

Birenbaum LK (2000). Accessing children's and teenager's bereavement when a sibling dies from cancer a secondary analysis. Child Care Health and Development 25 6 381–400.

Carroll B (2010). Survey of childhood bereavement services in Ireland. Unpublished thesis, Dublin: RCSI/Irish Hospice Foundation.

Central Statistics Office (2012). Profile 5 – Households and families. Central Statistics Office Ireland.

Corr CA (1995). Children's understanding of death: striving to understand death. In KJ Doka (ed). Children mourning, mourning children. London: Routledge.

Council for Social Work Education (2008). Education policy and accreditation standards. Available from: http://www.cswe.org/File.aspx?id=41861 [Accessed 22 January 2014].

Creed J, Ruffin JE, Ward M (2001). A weekend camp for bereaved siblings. Cancer Practice, 9(4) 176–182.

Currier JM, Holland JM, Neimeyer RA (2007a). The effectiveness of bereavement interventions with children: a meta-analytic review of controlled outcome research. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 36(2) 253–259.

Currier JM, Holland JM (2007b). The efficacy of grief therapy: reviewing the evidence. Grief Matters Summer 61–63.

Curtis K, Newman T (2001). Do community-based support services benefit bereaved children? A review of empirical evidence. Child: Health Care and Development 27 (6) 487–95.

deCinque N, Monterosso L, Dadd G et al (2006). Bereavement support for families following the death of a child from cancer: experience of bereaved parents. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 24 (2)65–83.

Dempster R, Wildman B, Keating A (2013). The role of stigma in parental help-seeking for child-behaviour problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 42 (1) 56–67.

Gerhardt CA, Fairclough DL, Grossenbacher JC et al (2012). Peer relationships of bereaved siblings and comparison classmates after a child's death from cancer. Journal of Paediatric Psychology 37(2) 209–219.

Gilliance H, Tucker A, Aldridge J, Wright JB (1997). Bereavement: providing support for siblings. Paediatric Nursing 9(5) 22–24.

Hardiker P, Baker M (1995). The social policy contexts of child care. London: National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

Harper M, O'Connor R, Dickson A, O'Carroll R (2011). Mothers continuing bonds and ambivalence to personal mortality after the death of their child – an interpretive phenomenological analysis. Psychology, Health & Medicine 16(2) 203–214.

Harrington R, Harrison L (1999). Unproven assumptions about the impact of bereavement on children. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 92(5) 230–233.

Horsley H, Patterson T (2006). The effects of a parent guidance intervention on communication among adolescents who have experienced the sudden death of a sibling. The American Journal of Family Therapy 34(2) 119–137.

ICBN (2014) The Irish Childhood Bereavement Care Pyramid: a guide to support for bereaved children and young people. ICBN: Dublin. Available from: http://www.childhoodbereavement.ie/pyramid/#.VMEZTNKsWSo [Accessed 22 January 2015].

Kaplow JB, Layne CM, Pynoos RS et al (2012). DSM-V Diagnostic criteria for bereavement-related disorders in children and adolescents: developmental considerations. Psychiatry 75 (3) 243–266.

Klass D (1996). The deceased child in the psychic and social worlds of bereaved parents during the resolution of grief. In: D Klass, P Silverman and S Nickman (eds). Continuing bonds: new understandings of grief. London: Taylor and Francis. 199–216.

Mahon MM (1994). Death of a sibling: primary care Interventions. Pediatric Nursing 20(3) 293–296.

McQuillan R, Van Doorslaer O (2007). Indigenous ethnic minorities and palliative care: exploring the views of Irish Travellers and palliative care staff. Palliative Medicine 21 635–641.

Morris K (2012). Bereavement in children and young people. In: P Wimpenny and J Costello (eds). Grief, loss and bereavement – evidence and practice for health and social care practitioners. London: Routledge.

National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2004). Improving Supportive and Palliative Care for Adults with Cancer.

Packman W, Horsley H, Davies B, Kramer R (2006). Sibling bereavement and continuing bonds. Death Studies 30(9) 817–841.

Penny A, Stubbs D (2014). Bereavement in childhood – What do we know in 2014. Childhood Bereavement Network, UK.

Ribbens McCarthy J (2006). Young people's experiences of loss and bereavement – towards an interdisciplinary approach. Maidenhead UK: Open University.

Rolls L, Payne SA (2003). Childhood bereavement services: a survey of UK provision. Palliative Medicine 17 423.

Rolls L, Payne SA (2007). Children and young people's experience of UK childhood Bereavement Services. Mortality 12 (3) 281–303.

Rosner R, Kruse J, Hagl M (2010). A meta-analysis of interventions for bereaved children and adolescents. Death Studies 34 99–136.

Saunders CM (1995). Grief of children and parents. In KJ Doka (ed). Children mourning mourning children. London: Routledge.

Saunders J (1996). Anticipatory grief work with children. British Journal of Community Health Nursing 1(2) 103–106.

Stebbins J, Bartouney T (2007). Summary report – beyond the death of a child. Australia: Compassionate Friends. Available from: http://www.compassionatefriendsvictoria.org.au/reports/FINAL%20TCF%20Summary%20Report.19Jul07.pdf [Accessed 14 January 2015].

Stephen AI, Macduff C, Petrie DJ et al (2014). The economic cost of bereavement in Scotland. Death Studies 39(3) 151–157.

Stokes J A (2004). Then, now and always. UK: Winston's Wish Publications.

Stokes JA (2009). Resilience and bereaved children. Bereavement Care 28(1) 9–17.

Walijarvi CM, Weiss AH, Weinman ML (2012). A traumatic death support group programme: applying an integrated conceptual framework. Death Studies 36 152–181.

Walker CL (1993). Sibling bereavement and grief responses. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 8(5) 325–334.

Wender E (2012). Supporting the family after the death of a child. Pediatrics 130 1164–1169.

Williams J, Morgan M (2012). Adverse childhood experiences – their effect on behavioural outcomes. Conference proceedings available from: http://www.esri.ie/docs/CLSCIWilliams.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2015].

Worden J (1996). Children and grief – when a parent dies. New York: Guildford Press.

Downloads

Published

2015-05-04

Issue

Section

Article