The use of Winnicott’s concept of transitional objects in bereavement practice

Authors

  • Clare Wakenshaw

Keywords:

grief, transitional objects, object relations, bereavement, therapy

Abstract

Abstract

Working with young children, Donald Winnicott (1951) identified transitional objects as items which were both created and discovered by an infant for comfort, and to support the developmental necessity of separating from their primary caregiver. In adulthood, the keeping and holding of a physical object, for example a piece of jewellery owned by a loved one who has died, is frequently seen as supportive for bereaved people but is rarely named or conceptualised as a transitional object. Taking an object relations perspective, the aim of this review will be to consider research and literature within bereavement theory and practice in order to suggest how transitional objects can be conceptualised in grief work across all life stages. Examples from research and the authors own therapeutic practice will be shared in order to suggest ways in which the use of transitional objects can support therapeutic practice with bereaved people.

References

Boelen, P. A., Stroebe, M. S., Schut, H. A., & Zijerveld, A. M. (2006). Continuing bonds and grief: A prospective analysis. Death Studies, 30(8), 767–776. doi: 10.1080/07481180600852936

Bowlby, J. (1961). Processes of mourning. The International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 42, 317.

Carter, B. S. (2011). Bereavement in the neonatal period: What we know and what we wish. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 12(3), 364–366. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181f4d5d5

Cruse. (2020). Tips for coping for children and young people. Retrieved from www.cruse.org.uk/get-help/for-parents/tips-for-coping-from-children-and-young-people [accessed 12 September 2020].

Gaines, R. (1997). Detachment and continuity: The two tasks of mourning. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 33(4), 549–571. doi: 10.1080/00107530.1997.10747005

Gibson, M. (2004). Melancholy objects. Mortality, 9(4), 285–299. doi: 10.1080/13576270412331329812

Gregorio, A. G. (2005). Can mixtapes serve as transitional objects: A study that examines the anxiety-reducing qualities of mixtapes during life transitions for young adults, 18–25: a project based upon an independent investigation.(Doctoral dissertation, Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, MA.

Harding, T. (2020, January 18). ‘We keep him close, always': how I survived the loss of my teenage son. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/jan/18/keep-close-always-how-survived-loss-teenage-son-thomas-harding [accessed 12 May 2020].

Hedtke, L., & Kristensen, H. G. (2018). Still alive: Counselling conversations with parents whose child has died during or soon after pregnancy. International Journal of Narrative Therapy & Community Work, 1, 22.

Kernberg, O. (2010). Some observations on the process of mourning. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 91(3), 601–619. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-8315.2010.00286.x

Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. (2014). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Taylor & Francis.

Klein, M. (1940). Mourning and its relation to manic-depressive states. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 21, 125–153.

Kohut, H. (1985). Self psychology and the humanities: Reflections on a new psychoanalytic approach. WW Norton.

LeDuff, I., Lawrence, D., Bradshaw, W. T., & Blake, S. M. (2017). Transitional objects to facilitate grieving following perinatal loss. Advances in Neonatal Care, 17(5), 347–353. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000429

Maasen, T. (1998). Counselling gay men with multiple loss and survival problems: The bereavement group as a transitional object. AIDS Care, 10(2), 57–63. doi: 10.1080/09540129850124361

McGuinness, B., Finucane, N., & Roberts, A. (2015). A hospice-based bereavement support group using creative arts: An exploratory study. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 23(4), 323–342. doi: 10.1177/1054137315590734

Neimeyer, R. A. (2000). Searching for the meaning of meaning: Grief therapy and the process of reconstruction. Death Studies, 24(6), 541–558. doi: 10.1080/07481180050121480

Sas, C., & Coman, A. (2016). Designing personal grief rituals: An analysis of symbolic objects and actions. Death Studies, 40(9), 558–569. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2016.1188868

Schiffrin, E. (2009). ‘This so clearly needs to be marked’: An exploration of memorial tattoos and their functions for the bereaved.(Doctoral dissertation, Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, MA.

Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23(3), 197–224. doi: 10.1080/074811899201046

St George, J. (2013). The things they carry: A study of transitional object use among US military personnel during and after deployment.(Doctoral dissertation, Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, MA.

Stevens, D., Camic, P. M., & Solway, R. (2019). Maintaining the self: meanings of material objects after a residential transition later in life. Educational Gerontology, 45(3), 214–226. doi: 10.1080/03601277.2019.1601832

Wakenshaw, C., & Sillence, E. (2018). From a good death to a better bereavement? The impact of the end of life experience on bereavement adjustment, a thematic analysis. Bereavement Care, 37(3), 109–117. doi: 10.1080/02682621.2018.1535878

Winnicott, D. W. (1951). Transitional objects and transitional phenomena. Collected papers: Through paediatrics to psycho-analysis. Tavistock Publication.

Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Play and reality. Tavistock Publication.

Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. Springer Publishing Company.

Worden, J. W. (1996). Children and grief: When a parent dies. Guilford Press.

Downloads

Published

2020-09-01

Issue

Section

Research Article